There is some experimental data from the Black Sea Fleet reports of the Russian Navy made in 1828-1829:
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/analiz-hodkosti-ostoychivosti-i-upravlyaemosti...
for several ship types ( from 110-gun first rate to small brigs). Unfortunately it does not contain acceleration or deceleration times, but there are speeds and heel angles for various wind conditions as well as times recorded for tacking and wearing.
For example a 44-gun frigate (table 1, col. 4, and it should be noted Russian ships were in general more heavily armed and slower then their French or British counterparts, even if they shared a hull form):
Wind rate 5
- Close-hauled 7 kt
- Beam reach 9.5 kt
- Broad reach 11 kt
- Running 8 kt
Wind rate 7
- Close-hauled 4 kt
- Beam reach 9.5 kt
Heel angle
- Wind rate 5 - 11 deg
- Wind rate 7 - 7 deg
- Wind rate 9 - 8 deg
Wearing (wind 5): 2.5 min
Tacking (wind 5): 2 min
Tacking (wind 7): 3 min
P.S. Found in the text a description of sails set during the trials:
- At wind 5 (up to 10 m/s) running & broad reach all sails (sic) were set.
- At wind 5 beam reach & close-hauled royals & skysails taken in.
- At wind 7 (up to 15 m/s) courses, topsails (double-reefed), t'gallants and fore-staysails were set.
- At wind 9 (up to 20 m/s) fore-course and fore-staysails were set.
P.P.S. Corrected the wind 5 close-hauled config translation and wind 7 close-hauled speed.