Modifiers are one of the ways the game changes character personality and behavior. They are generated by AI based on the narration. They are not explicitly limited in number, though hypothetically hundreds of them would break the game. They are also key to several game mechanics: key NPCs that gain the "Loyal" modifier provide passive bonuses and giving an NPC the requisite modifier will resolve Desire side quests.
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Let me clarify. Temporary modifiers are intrinsically temporary--they're removed whenever you rest (and a few other story specific situations). They are intended to represent short term changes in personality or behavior. Permanent modifiers will persist unless the llm decides they no longer apply to the character due to the narrative. A character with permanent modifier 'shy', for example, might lose that modifier if they become more outgoing during their interactions with you. On the back end, the llm is asked what modifiers it thinks should be added or removed, and can return '-tag' to remove a tag and 'tag' to add one.