This is a great write-up about one lighting technique: https://hackernoon.com/pico-8-lighting-part-1-thin-dark-line-8ea15d21fed7 Maybe interesting for a post-jam version!
I think there are other, simpler techniques possible, and since 2017 pico8 also added the tline function that’s a gamechanger for textures, so there are probably new techniques to discover!