The weather in this game is so fantastic. The tension of going from blue sky above the clouds to the dark storm below the cloud layer is so thrilling.
You should be fine. I'm running this on an i3-3100, GTX 950, 16GB memory, and an HDD. The SSD'll give you faster load times I believe.
No F-bombs as far as I've found. And as others have mentioned you can disable the voices. Not that it's any of my business, but I think it's great that you're encouraging your kids to use polite language.
I fell in love with this the minute I played one of the early alphas. This game is truly a piece of art.