You need to rank up in the church faction. You should have new church related jobs in your schedule. You should also be able to pray at the shrines. Doing jobs and praying at shrines should increase your standing. Once you get enough, you will get a letter telling you that you are ready for rankup. You can find your faction standing and rank in one of the tabs in the status menu.
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It is, but you can get that rather quickly. Praying at shrines gives you 1 or 2 standing, depending on the amount of money you give. The church job gives you 1. This means that you can get 9 standing per week if you really set your mind to it.
Faction ranking is supposed to be kinda slow, so that it doesn't end up like in bethesda games, where you can become a faction leader in a matter of days.