I've never had any luck with Node.js on Windows either. I'm not familiar with GDevelop, but if it supports building for Electron then that implies that it allows building for the web as well; Maybe you could do that instead for the time being?
Well it isn't really without the need for a web browser; Since Electron is at the core just a Chromium browser that always loads the same web page. Personally I'm against this idea since if the program already runs in a browser it simply adds extra steps for people who want to play it and it means the user doesn't get to choose what browser they use.
Have you considered making it a progressive web application (PWA)?
I've found that to be pretty straight forward (I don't know anything about GDevelop though).
It allows a game to run in the browser OR be installed (on both desktop and mobile) so that it runs in its own window, feels like a native application, and functions offline. You can also publish them on the Google Play store, and in fact a lot of well known apps are actually PWAs - Tinder, Instagram, Spotify, Uber...
You said you've exported a web version, so yes, it most likely should be possible, though it might take a while. You should just need to add a script and some meta tags to the HTML, and add a few other small files (a manifest, a service worker and some icons), and then you must host the file on a secure website (ie. https, not just http - getting that set up is actually the hardest part).
When I was doing it (not starting with a GDevelop app), the most helpful tutorials I found were these:
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Progressive_web_apps/Installable_PW...
https://medium.com/james-johnson/a-simple-progressive-web-app-tutorial-f9708e5f2...
https://web.dev/offline-cookbook/
Anyway, I'm not saying it's definitely the way to go, but it might be worth looking into.