Congrats on finishing your jam game!
Your core idea of a game slowly adding lose conditions is pretty interesting. I was excited to try it out. Giving the player an idea of the rules coming up was a nice touch, too, because it can give the player a chance to adapt and plan for randomness. Letting the player meaningfully react and plan for randomness is a huge win for game design when using anything random. Well done!
Unfortunately, the gameplay didn't quite work for me. I think you just needed a bit more time than 48 hours to make this sing. You already mentioned the bugs, which is fine. The bigger issue is that nothing really happened until the "players leave color trails" rule was added. And as randomness is want to do - I rolled "lose if you step on opponent's color" seven times before the color trail got added. It was a little underwhelming and I just clicked back and forth hoping for the game to even start. Did you playtest what it would be like to start with color trails active? I think this game might benefit from a non-lose condition rule being active at the start, even if that's randomized. Just have something for the player to do or plan with. I know this is more work, but always having unique rules in the randomizer would be more appealing, too. The game started with 3 "bigger board" rules for me which just felt a little underwhelming given the premise you setup before I started.
Really cool game idea with plenty of room to explore should you decide to play with it more. But this is a jam game! You've got no obligations to continue development afterward. I hope you've learned a top from this experience and keep participating in jams. Making lots of games is the best way to learn and grow as a developer.
Keep making games!