Well, third time the charm — checked the game on device and it crashes with e0 error, so it probably is the issue with LDtk working for too long on startup. The last message that I see in the log over serial is “LDtk Importer will use lua precomputed levels.”
You may prevent the issue by delaying the load, but it should be avoidable by loading specific levels after the game launches to one of the splash screens.