Well, I'm not surprised to find out that it is an Intel integrated graphics card, as those have a long history of problems with the Godot engine. The tests confirm that this is most likely the source of the problem, and that there is likely very little that can be done about it from our end. Godot has released some updates to the engine since the release of Strive 0.5.25, though it is unlikely that these problems have been resolved. The game would need to be recompiled with the new engine before we could know, even the Strive Sequel doesn't use the newest version yet.
Viewing post in Bug - Single color portraits
Shame, I used to be able to play on this computer, oh well...
Update: I downgraded my driver to a legacy version (25.20.100.6519) and it seems to have worked.